@ngdoc overview
@name Developer Guide: Unit Testing
@description

JavaScript is a dynamically typed language which comes with great power of expression, but it also
comes with almost no help from the compiler. For this reason we feel very strongly that any code
written in JavaScript needs to come with a strong set of tests. We have built many features into
Angular which makes testing your Angular applications easy. So there is no excuse for not testing.

# It is all about NOT mixing concerns

Unit testing as the name implies is about testing individual units of code. Unit tests try to
answer questions such as "Did I think about the logic correctly?" or "Does the sort function order the list
in the right order?"

In order to answer such question it is very important that we can isolate the unit of code under test.
That is because when we are testing the sort function we don't want to be forced into creating
related pieces such as the DOM elements, or making any XHR calls in getting the data to sort.

While
this may seem obvious it usually is very difficult to be able to call an individual function on a
typical project. The reason is that the developers often mix concerns, and they end up with a
piece of code which does everything. It reads the data from XHR, it sorts it and then it
manipulates the DOM.

With Angular we try to make it easy for you to do the right thing, and so we
provide dependency injection for your XHR (which you can mock out) and we created abstraction which
allow you to sort your model without having to resort to manipulating the DOM. So that in the end,
it is easy to write a sort function which sorts some data, so that your test can create a data set,
apply the function, and assert that the resulting model is in the correct order. The test does not
have to wait for XHR, or create the right kind of DOM, or assert that your function has mutated the
DOM in the right way.

## With great power comes great responsibility

Angular is written with testability in mind, but it still requires that you
do the right thing. We tried to make the right thing easy, but Angular is not magic, which means if
you don't follow these guidelines you may very well end up with an untestable application.

## Dependency Injection
There are several ways in which you can get a hold of a dependency:
1. You could create it using the `new` operator.
2. You could look for it in a well known place, also known as global singleton.
3. You could ask a registry (also known as service registry) for it. (But how do you get a hold of
the registry? Most likely by looking it up in a well known place. See #2)
4. You could expect that it be handed to you.

Out of the four options in the list above, only the last one is testable. Let's look at why:

### Using the `new` operator

While there is nothing wrong with the `new` operator fundamentally the issue is that calling a new
on a constructor permanently binds the call site to the type. For example lets say that we are
trying to instantiate an `XHR` so that we can get some data from the server.

<pre>
function MyClass() {
  this.doWork = function() {
    var xhr = new XHR();
    xhr.open(method, url, true);
    xhr.onreadystatechange = function() {...}
    xhr.send();
  }
}
</pre>

The issue becomes that in tests, we would very much like to instantiate a `MockXHR` which would
allow us to return fake data and simulate network failures. By calling `new XHR()` we are
permanently bound to the actual XHR, and there is no good way to replace it. Yes there is monkey
patching. That is a bad idea for many reasons which are outside the scope of this document.

The class above is hard to test since we have to resort to monkey patching:
<pre>
var oldXHR = XHR;
XHR = function MockXHR() {};
var myClass = new MyClass();
myClass.doWork();
// assert that MockXHR got called with the right arguments
XHR = oldXHR; // if you forget this bad things will happen
</pre>


### Global look-up:
Another way to approach the problem is to look for the service in a well known location.

<pre>
function MyClass() {
  this.doWork = function() {
    global.xhr({
      method:'...',
      url:'...',
      complete:function(response){ ... }
    })
  }
}
</pre>

While no new instance of the dependency is being created, it is fundamentally the same as `new`, in
that there is no good way to intercept the call to `global.xhr` for testing purposes, other then
through monkey patching. The basic issue for testing is that a global variable needs to be mutated in
order to replace it with call to a mock method. For further explanation why this is bad see: {@link
http://misko.hevery.com/code-reviewers-guide/flaw-brittle-global-state-singletons/ Brittle Global
State & Singletons}

The class above is hard to test since we have to change global state:
<pre>
var oldXHR = global.xhr;
global.xhr = function mockXHR() {};
var myClass = new MyClass();
myClass.doWork();
// assert that mockXHR got called with the right arguments
global.xhr = oldXHR; // if you forget this bad things will happen
</pre>


### Service Registry:

It may seem as that this can be solved by having a registry for all of the services, and then
having the tests replace the services as needed.

<pre>
function MyClass() {
  var serviceRegistry = ????;
  this.doWork = function() {
    var xhr = serviceRegistry.get('xhr');
    xhr({
      method:'...',
      url:'...',
      complete:function(response){ ... }
    })
}
</pre>

However, where does the serviceRegistry come from? if it is:
* `new`-ed up, the the test has no chance to reset the services for testing
*  global look-up, then the service returned is global as well (but resetting is easier, since
there is only one global variable to be reset).

The class above is hard to test since we have to change global state:
<pre>
var oldServiceLocator = global.serviceLocator;
global.serviceLocator.set('xhr', function mockXHR() {});
var myClass = new MyClass();
myClass.doWork();
// assert that mockXHR got called with the right arguments
global.serviceLocator = oldServiceLocator; // if you forget this bad things will happen
</pre>


### Passing in Dependencies:
Lastly the dependency can be passed in.

<pre>
function MyClass(xhr) {
  this.doWork = function() {
    xhr({
      method:'...',
      url:'...',
      complete:function(response){ ... }
    })
}
</pre>

This is the preferred way since the code makes no assumptions as to where the `xhr` comes from,
rather that whoever created the class was responsible for passing it in. Since the creator of the
class should be different code than the user of the class, it separates the responsibility of
creation from the logic, and that is what dependency-injection is in a nutshell.

The class above is very testable, since in the test we can write:
<pre>
function xhrMock(args) {...}
var myClass = new MyClass(xhrMock);
myClass.doWork();
// assert that xhrMock got called with the right arguments
</pre>

Notice that no global variables were harmed in the writing of this test.

Angular comes with {@link di dependency injection} built in which makes the right thing
easy to do, but you still need to do it if you wish to take advantage of the testability story.

## Controllers
What makes each application unique is its logic, which is what we would like to test. If the logic
for your application is mixed in with DOM manipulation, it will be hard to test as in the example
below:

<pre>
function PasswordCtrl() {
  // get references to DOM elements
  var msg = $('.ex1 span');
  var input = $('.ex1 input');
  var strength;

  this.grade = function() {
    msg.removeClass(strength);
    var pwd = input.val();
    password.text(pwd);
    if (pwd.length > 8) {
      strength = 'strong';
    } else if (pwd.length > 3) {
      strength = 'medium';
    } else {
      strength = 'weak';
    }
    msg
     .addClass(strength)
     .text(strength);
  }
}
</pre>

The code above is problematic from a testability point of view, since it requires your test to have the right kind
of DOM present when the code executes. The test would look like this:

<pre>
var input = $('<input type="text"/>');
var span = $('<span>');
$('body').html('<div class="ex1">')
  .find('div')
    .append(input)
    .append(span);
var pc = new PasswordCtrl();
input.val('abc');
pc.grade();
expect(span.text()).toEqual('weak');
$('body').html('');
</pre>

In angular the controllers are strictly separated from the DOM manipulation logic which results in
a much easier testability story as can be seen in this example:

<pre>
function PasswordCtrl($scope) {
  $scope.password = '';
  $scope.grade = function() {
    var size = $scope.password.length;
    if (size > 8) {
      $scope.strength = 'strong';
    } else if (size > 3) {
      $scope.strength = 'medium';
    } else {
      $scope.strength = 'weak';
    }
  };
}
</pre>

and the test is straight forward

<pre>
var $scope = {};
var pc = $controller('PasswordCtrl', { $scope: $scope });
$scope.password = 'abc';
$scope.grade();
expect($scope.strength).toEqual('weak');
</pre>

Notice that the test is not only much shorter but it is easier to follow what is going on. We say
that such a test tells a story, rather then asserting random bits which don't seem to be related.

## Filters
{@link api/ng.$filter Filters} are functions which transform the data into user readable
format. They are important because they remove the formatting responsibility from the application
logic, further simplifying the application logic.

<pre>
myModule.filter('length', function() {
  return function(text){
    return (''+(text||'')).length;
  }
});

var length = $filter('length');
expect(length(null)).toEqual(0);
expect(length('abc')).toEqual(3);
</pre>

## Directives
Directives in angular are responsible for encapsulating complex functionality within custom HTML tags,
attributes, classes or comments. Unit tests are very important for directives because the components
you create with directives may be used throughout your application and in many different contexts.

### Simple HTML Element Directive

Lets start with an angular app with no dependencies.

<pre>
var app = angular.module('myApp', []);
</pre>

Now we can add a directive to our app.

<pre>
app.directive('aGreatEye', function () {
    return {
        restrict: 'E',
        replace:  true,
        template: '<h1>lidless, wreathed in flame, {{1 + 1}} times</h1>'
    };
});
</pre>

This directive is used as a tag `<a-great-eye></a-great-eye>`. It replaces the entire tag with the
template `<h1>lidless, wreathed in flame, {{1 + 1}} times</h1>`. Now we are going to write a jasmine unit test to
verify this functionality. Note that the expression `{{1 + 1}}` times will also be evaluated in the rendered content.

<pre>
describe('Unit testing great quotes', function() {
    var $compile;
    var $rootScope;

    // Load the myApp module, which contains the directive
    beforeEach(module('myApp'));

    // Store references to $rootScope and $compile
    // so they are available to all tests in this describe block
    beforeEach(inject(function(_$compile_, _$rootScope_){
      // The injector unwraps the underscores (_) from around the parameter names when matching
      $compile = _$compile_;
      $rootScope = _$rootScope_;
    }));
    
    it('Replaces the element with the appropriate content', function() {
        // Compile a piece of HTML containing the directive
        var element = $compile("<a-great-eye></a-great-eye>")($rootScope);
        // fire all the watches, so the scope expression {{1 + 1}} will be evaluated
        $rootScope.$digest();
        // Check that the compiled element contains the templated content
        expect(element.html()).toContain("lidless, wreathed in flame, 2 times");
    });
});
</pre>

We inject the $compile service and $rootScope before each jasmine test. The $compile service is used
to render the aGreatEye directive. After rendering the directive we ensure that the directive has
replaced the content and "lidless, wreathed in flame, 2 times" is present.


## Sample project
See the {@link https://github.com/angular/angular-seed angular-seed} project for an example.

